", Meylan, Nicolas. He led the crusade against the last pagan tribes on the shores of the Baltic Sea. The Myrmidons were considered the among the best warriors in Greece. The first Danish king to convert to Christianity was Harald Klak, who had himself baptised during his exile in order to receive the support of Louis the Pious. ), king of Denmark from c. 958? Old king of the last free pagan lands is on his deathbed and without an heir to take his place. "[36], Elena Melnikova, "How Christian Were Viking Christians?." to c. 985, credited with the first unification of the country.. It not only helped to exalt his status, but it also provided practical help. Initially Sigmundur sought to convert the islanders by reading the decree to the Alting in Tórshavn but was nearly killed by the resulting angry mob. [11] He went north from Frisia sometime between 710 and 718 during the reign of King Ongendus. (Image: Nejron Photo/Shutterstock) The Epic of Beowulf (c. 675–725) and The Saga of Hrólf Kraki (c. 13th century) look back to the 6th century when the legendary kings of Denmark and Sweden ruled from great halls and won great … ), Alexandra Sanmark. Agantyrdid permit 30 young men to return to Frisia with Willibrord. Wilfrid claimed that King Ecgfrith had no right to divide the Northumbrian bishopric, but the king was unmoved by the papal orders. There is nothing -- nothing -- glorious about the deeds of these dictators and people-slayers. Following King Olaf I's taking of Icelandic hostages, there was tension between the Christian and pagan factions in 10th century Iceland. Based on drawing by Peter Nicolai Arbo (Norway 1831-1892). In the Baltic Sea , off the coast of Denmark , divers have found the wreck of the Delmenhorst, a famous... Scientists have tracked ancient Viking genes across Europe further detailing the cultural, political and economic impact of the legendary raiders and traders of the Middle Ages. Harald Bluetooth was the Viking king of Denmark between 958 and 970. I used blunt statements in my comments, and these statements were directed at the church/christians of 1,500 years ago, not the church/the christians of today. As a result, some chose to accept the new faith as a way to gain access to this wealth. A Danish invasion force was defeated at the battle of Hjörungavágr in 986. The Scandinavian medieval kings also ruled over provinces outside of Scandinavia. 10, Rimbert, "Anskar: The Apostle of the North, 801–865", trans. Both the institutions and the tax were considered foreign influences, and Canute's refusal to use the regional assemblies as was customary to establish new laws, resulted in his death and that of his brother, Prince Benedict, and seventeen other housecarls. Harald Bluetooth is also mentioned in the inscription on the Curmsun Disc, dated AD 960s–980s. However, dividing up the land with Godfrey’s sons was not without its conflicts. This account survives in the Orkneyinga saga and in the last chapter of Hervarar saga where the saga successively moves from legendary history to historic Swedish events during the centuries before its compilation. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. a "petty king" is just a different cultural name for duke. Jarl in Sweden. Last pagans. "Mana in the North: Power and Religion in Medieval Scandinavian Historiography,", This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 10:38. This symbol was to always be associated with Denmark. Whilst it is true that Harald was the first King to make Christianity the official religion in Denmark, itself a huge feat considering the pagan roots of the Vikings, Christianity had reached Denmark before him. History of Odinism/Asatru1386 CE: Lithuania, the last pagan stronghold in Europe is officially converted, but pagans linger.1421 CE: Three children, acting on instructions from their murdered mother, establish the Odin Brotherhood.1611 CE: Johannes Bureus of Sweden, advisor to King Gustavus Adolphus, begins drawing and interpreting Sweden’s runestones. Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson was King of Denmark for nearly 30 years beginning in approximately 958 AD when his brother and favored son of Gorm the Old was killed in England during attacks near Ireland. Denmark has several saints, canonized by local bishops as was the custom in early Scandinavia or revered by locals as saints. Danes were still tribal in the sense that local chiefs determined attitudes towards Christianity and Christians for their clan and kinsmen. Two men were in the running, David Kalakaua, who was a prominent chief and leader in the community, and William … Robinson in Carolingian Civilization: A Reader ed. Valdemar the Conqueror was considered the last great king of Denmark’s golden age. [30] It would have been impossible for King Inge the Elder to rule as a Christian king without strong support from his subjects, and a Norwegian invasion of Västergötland by Magnus Barefoot put Inge's relationship with his subjects to the test: he appears to have mustered most of the Swedish leidang, 3,600 men, and he ousted the Norwegian occupation force.[31]. Gorm the Old, under whom the famous Danawerk was built as a protection against the Germans, was the last pagan King of Denmark. His realm is often referred to as the North Sea Empire, or the Anglo-Scandinavian Union and Cnut was one of the most powerful rulers in Europe during the 11 th century. I'm sorry, this article reads like pure Disney. Their first church buildings were modelled most specifically from their longships, towering structures that loomed toward the sky like the future Gothic cathedrals with dragon heads on the roof reflecting the strength and power of their sea-faring past. c965: Written in stone. Under his successors, Christianity became firmly established and outwardly well organized (see above). Unfortunately, King Haakon, like Bluetooth and Olof, was a rare sort during this period. Over time the religious significance of the place transferred itself to the chapel. He personally killed many of his rivals in battle, and as one of the last pagan Anglo-Saxon kings he offered up the body of one of them, King Oswald of Northumbria, to Woden. Elgiva passed away circa 887, at age 42 at death place. Though Tryggvason only ruled for five years, from 955-1000 CE, he made certain that they were prolific years. A century later Unni, archbishop of Hamburg, made another unsuccessful attempt. [26] Instead he established an episcopal see at Skara in Västergötland, near his own stronghold at Husaby around 1000. Gorm and Queen Thyra's son, King Harald Bluetooth, boasted on one of the stones at Jelling that he had "made the Danes Christian". All the Christianization that King Haakon had established was utterly destroyed and a heavier emphasis was placed on the existing Aesir and Vanir. The earlier stone, a memorial honouring Queen Thyre, was commissioned by her husband, King Gorm the Old, last pagan king of Denmark. [20] Initially, Harald had remained pagan, although he had allowed public preaching by Christian missionaries as early as 935. Finally, he converted the Danes and Norwegians to Christianity. Cnut Sweynsson, known also as Cnut the Great (sometimes spelled as Canute), was the ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, and parts of Sweden. The subsequent King Harald Greyhide, also a Christian, was known for destroying pagan temples but not for efforts to popularize Christianity. Cnut was also a successful ruler and in firm control of the disparate parts of his … 987), otherwise known as King Harald I of Denmark, was best known for three major achievements. [15] When Harald Klak was forced from Denmark by King Horik I again, Ansgar left Denmark and focused his efforts on the Swedes. Please don't tell a Dane that you know his own history and culture better than him, and that it's not like he thinks. By destroying temples and torturing and killing pagan resisters he succeeded in making every part of Norway at least nominally Christian. Agantyr did permit 30 young men to return to Frisia with Willibrord. In the last two decades of his life especially, Canute seemed driven to strengthen the Church’s influence in Northern Europe. Both the accounts of Willibrod and of Harald are semi-mythical, and integrate mythical and legendary themes from the Nordic pagan tradition into their Christian stories. In fact Sweyn gave land to the large cathedral at Lund to pay for the maintenance of the chapter. [8], During the Early Middle Ages the papacy had not yet manifested itself as the central Roman Catholic authority, so that regional variants of Christianity could develop. Image source: Wikipedia. [27] This seat was moved to Gamla Uppsala probably some time between 1134 and 1140. Legend has it that during this battle a red cloth with a white cross fell from the sky. Thirteenth-century runic inscriptions from the merchant town of Bergen in Norway show little Christian influence, and one of them appeals to a Valkyrie. ethnic/native paganism) actually retained political power in parts of what is now England for almost a century beyond the first conversions to Christianity that occurred in Kent in 597 AD. Under his successors, Christianity became firmly established and outwardly well organized (see above). Wars among nobles accompanied this "peaceful christening", and as always when nobles fight less-than-nobles are the ones who die in largest number. The Last Kingdom series Book 1: The Last Kingdom The first book in Bernard Cornwell’s epic and bestselling series on the making of England and the fate of his great hero, Uhtred of Bebbanburg. Haakon's method was similar to Constantine's in the Byzantine Roman Empire, resulting in an attempt at a midway approach: temples were left to the pagans with churches built right beside them and though he refused on his own part to sacrifice to the Aesir and Vanir, he also refused to punish those who continued this practice. Haakon's method was similar to Constantine's.......resulting in an attempt at a midway approach: temples were left to the pagans with churches built right beside them and though he refused on his own part to sacrifice to the Aesir and Vanir, he also refused to punish those who continued this practice. Featured image: Haakon the Good, by Peter Nicolai Arbo. Image source: Wikipedia. At Ancient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Haakon was able to begin the spread of Christianity throughout this region by showing kindness to the established polytheistic religion, enforcing the new while never exiling the old.". Vlad the Impaler: The Real Count Dracula? Danish Vikings accepted Christianity slowly. Harald's usurpation and his efforts at Christianization are related to several stories of "usurpation" and "changes in sacrifices", including the usurpation of Mithothyn and the introduction of the worship of Frey at Uppsala, in that they utilize similar motifs and mythical figures. ), H.R. He then changed his tactics, went with armed men to the residence of the chieftain Tróndur í Gøtu and broke in his house by night. Jelling stones, two 10th-century royal gravestones found in Jutland, best known of all Danish runic inscriptions. It was finished in 1134. The Borgias alum David Oakes takes on the part of … Legend has it that during this battle a red cloth with a white cross fell from the sky. After that, a coup d’état would lead to the overthrow of the throne once and for all. In a battle against the king Louis IV of France, the pagan Normans were defeated, and their two leaders Setric (Sigtrygg) and Turmod (Thormod) slain. As a result, some chose to accept the new faith as a way to gain access to this wealth. not sure about the administration law in conclave, but i think you may also have to be king to change those. Even after becoming Christian, Danes blended the two belief systems together. The last independent Viking king of York is driven out and killed by his own people; Erik’s former kingdom becomes part of a larger English realm. There are, however, lists of Swedish pagan monarchs with far older dates, but in many cases these kings appear in sources of disputed historical reliability. Later his remains were buried in the little timber church at Roskilde, then Denmark's capital. During this nadir period of the Viking Age, Harald Hardrada (Old Norse: Haraldr Sigurðarson) was born in Ringerike,… The son of Denmark’s King Svein Forkbeard, Cnut (or Canute) helped his father conquer England in 1013. With the rise of the new religion came a need for Christian buildings. C.H. i think you must be king to actually change crown authority. King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway's arrival to Norway. Old king of the last free pagan lands is on his deathbed and without an heir to take his place. Often these saints derive their veneration from deeds associated with the Christianization of Denmark. In a few instances conversion was brought about by trial by ordeal miracles wrought by saintly Christians in the presence of the king or other great men of the time. I can't let this pass as it's simply a reiteration of Christian history, and a very large insult to all Danes (not Dane-ish), old as well as new: "Denmark was the most easily transformed (...) Thus there was little struggle in assimilating the two faiths, and they were able to coexist under the individual decrees of the Danish tribal leaders.". It is wrong, wrong, wrong. The earlier stone, a memorial honouring Queen Thyre, was commissioned by her husband, King Gorm the Old, last pagan king of Denmark. ", Melnikova, Elena. Several battles brought the rebellion to stalemate, but in 985 Harald was mortally wounded by an arrow. Penda ransacked many of the other Anglo-Saxon realms, amassing vast and exquisite treasures as tribute and the discarded war-gear of fallen warriors on the battlefields. Perhaps Willibrord's intent was to educate them and recruit some of them to join his efforts to bring Christianity to the Danes. ), Snorri Sturluson, The Poetic Edda , trans. Olaf II Haraldsson, an 11th century Norwegian king, died at the Battle of Stiklestad after some of his own men turned on him. Pagan religious influences remained strong for some time, but they were weakened when Canute (d. 1035) came to power. In the 10th century English missionaries made inroads in Västergötland. He was the great-great-great grandson of Alfred and he died childless, leaving England open to conquest from overseas. During his visit, he set out a church structure for Norway. The Christianization of Scandinavia, as well as other Nordic countries and the Baltic countries, took place between the 8th and the 12th centuries. In 831 the Archdiocese of Hamburg was founded and assigned responsibility for proselytizing Scandinavia. [26] Another episcopal see was established at Sigtuna in the 1060s[26] by King Stenkil, according to Adam of Bremen. Now archaeologists in the Czech Republic have found her, and their research is providing a window onto a long-gone era. Sub-king of West Kent Sigered is deposed, as is the over-king, Ealhmund. In the center of the octagonal ridge there is a Latin cross which may indicate that Harald Bluetooth was Christian. [9] Since the image of a "victorious Christ" frequently appears in early Germanic art, scholars have suggested that Christian missionaries presented Christ "as figure of strength and luck" and that possibly the Book of Revelation, which presents Christ as victor over Satan, played a central part in the spread of Christianity among the Vikings. ), Neil Price, The Viking World (Routledge: London, 2008. In 995 Olaf Tryggvason became King Olaf I of Norway. By pressing his claim instead of declaring a holy war, you can beat the Obotrites without Pomerania joining the war. Harald Bluetooth raised the Jelling Stone proclaiming that he made all Danes Christian, although the new faith lived side by side with the old for the next few hundred years. Harald agreed, and his family and the 400 Danes with him were baptized in Ingelheim am Rhein. Just before the Viking age in the 8th Century a missionary called Willibrord came to Denmark. He was the son of Gorm the Old, the first significant figure in a new royal line centred at Jelling (North Jutland). Haakon Jarl was later betrayed and killed by his own slave, while he was hiding from the rebels in a pig sty. In the case of King Harald Bluetooth of Denmark, for example, he only partially converted to the new faith (at least at first) to preserve his independence from the Germans, who posed an even greater threat at the time than the Franks had been prior to this. Gorm was said to be "hard and heathen", but Queen Thyra's influence permitted Christians to live more or less without trouble. In 995 he used an opportunity to return to Norway. Recorded missionary efforts in Denmark started with Willibrord, Apostle to the Frisians, who preached in Schleswig, which at the time was part of Denmark. ), Robert Kellog, The Sagas of Icelanders (Penguin Classics Deluxe: US, 2001. [20] Rimbert reports that he set out to return home, accompanied by missionaries;[21] however, Sanmark regards it as "unlikely" that he actually returned home and thus considers his impact on the conversion of Denmark as "probably minor."[20]. Many have been lost and are only known to us through his drawings. 1611 CE: Johannes Bureus of Sweden, advisor to King Gustavus Adolphus, begins drawing and interpreting Sweden’s runestones. He was one of the last pagan kings in England, with a violent temperament and a habit of taking what he wanted wherever he found it. World First: Dinosaur Found on Fossilized Eggs with Babies Inside! Cnut Sweynsson, known also as Cnut the Great (sometimes spelled as Canute), was the ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, and parts of Sweden. The first recorded attempts at spreading Christianity in Norway were made by King Haakon the Good in the tenth century, who was raised in England. I'd like to add this to my comments from yesterday: (1) The christians of today and the christian church of today are not the christians/the church of 1,500 years ago. Presumably Olof Skötkonung was not in a powerful enough position to violently enforce the observance of Christianity in Uppland. Max wants … Harold, King of Denmark, had been driven from his throne and had sought refuge at the court of Louis I, King of the Franks. Unfortunately, King Haakon, like Bluetooth and Olof, was a rare sort during this period. Elllis Davidson, The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe (Routledge: London, 1993. 1386 CE: Lithuania, the last pagan stronghold in Europe is officially converted, but paganism lingers 1421 CE: Three ... advisor to King Gustavus Adolphus, begins drawing and interpreting Sweden’s runestones. Fiercely pagan, fiery and headstrong, Freydis is a staunch believer in the “old gods.” Like her brother, Leif, she reaches Kattegat as an outsider but becomes an inspiration to those of the old ways. But by the 10 th century, Christianity had brought an end to their polytheistic worship , culminating in three new realms unified under one faith. Then, you can declare a holy war on Pom… It was King Harald Bluetooth who most firmly began this assimilation in the 930s, his own baptism propelling the religion to the forefront of Danish culture, unifying the tribes under this religious flag. He also saw that Christianity had much to offer to his rule. [18], The supremacy of the archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen over ecclesiastical life in the north gradually declined as the papacy, from the pontificate of Pope Gregory VII onwards, involved itself more with the North directly. In 1002, he was widowed … King Harald Bluetooth depicted on the left. [7] The band Heidevolk wrote in 2008 in honor of King Radboud a similar naming song. Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in North America (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005. Czech lands. This exile had resulted from various disputes over the royal rule of Denmark, which arose in the wake of King Godfrey’s death in 810. Olaf I Tryggrason (968-1000) was a Viking warrior, who acquired wealth and fame by his raids in Britain and strove to bring national leadership and Christianity to pagan, politically divided tenth-century Norway.. To appreciate King Olaf Tryggvason's role in Norwegian history, it is helpful to provide a brief picture of his time, place, and position. Harald Sigurdsson , also known as Harald of Norway (Old Norse: Haraldr Sigurðarson ; c. 1015 – 25 September 1066) and given the epithet Hardrada (Old Norse: harðráði , modern Norwegian: Hardråde , roughly translated as "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas , was King of Norway (as Harald III) from 1046 to 1066. Around 960, Bluetooth converted to Christianity,[20] reportedly when the Frisian monk Poppo held a fire-heated lump of iron in his hand without injury. Ten amazing inventions from ancient times, The Evidence is Cut in Stone: A Compelling Argument for Lost High Technology in Ancient Egypt. [citation needed], Research shows that Scandinavian countries such as Denmark and Sweden are currently among the least religious nations in the world; nevertheless, "many Danes and Swedes, for instance, will profess belief in 'something,' although not necessarily the God of the Bible." Edward the Confessor was the last Anglo-Saxon king who could trace his ancestry back to King Alfred the Great and King Cerdic of Wessex. The great religious sites at Viborg, Lejre, Lund, and Odense were also the location of Denmark's great assembly places (Danish: landsting). This principality of Northern Hy-Fiachra comprised the present counties of Mayo and Sligo, and a portion of Galway; while the territory of Hy-Fiachra, in the county Galway was called the Southern Hy-Fiachra or Hy-Fiachra Aidhne: so named after Eogan Aidhne, son of Dathi, the last pagan Monarch of Ireland, who was killed by lightning at the foot of the Alps. Penda ransacked many of the other Anglo-Saxon realms, amassing exquisite treasures as tribute and the discarded war-gear of fallen warriors on the battlefields. According to Richer of Reims, 9,000 pagans were slain. The supporters of the cult at Uppsala drew a mutual agreement of toleration[25] with Olof Skötkonung, the first Christian king of Sweden, who ascended to the throne in the 990s. As soon as he had recovered from his wounds, he let himself be baptized. Irish monks known as Papar are said to have been present in Iceland before its settlement by the Norse in the 9th century. Many have been lost and are only known to us through his drawings. The Vanir were fertility gods, as highly valued as the Aesir, later becoming a subclass within them. The last nation in Europe to be converted to Christianity at the end of the 14th century, many Lithuanians are still deeply attached to pagan customs. [14] When Harald returned to Jutland, Emperor Louis and Ebbo of Rheims assigned the monk Ansgar to accompany Harald and oversee Christianity among the converts. Another Christianizing influence was the mass emigration of Danes to England and Normandy in the Viking years. Haakon Jarl by Christian Krohg. In theory, they would accept diplomatic vassalization with a small gift or chancellor visit, but the Slavic duke of Obotritia will probably declare a county conquest war on Liubice too quickly for your vassalization offer to go through. 90–107, "St Willibrord" Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913, Rimbert, "Anskar: The Apostle of the North, 801–865", trans. [27] By papal initiative an archdiocese for Sweden was established at Uppsala in 1164. Harald went to Emperor Louis I of Germany to seek help getting his lands in Jutland back. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time? Later on, in 1005, Tróndur í Gøtu attacked Sigmundur by night at his yard in Skúvoy, whereupon Sigmundur fled by swimming to Sandvík on Suðuroy. Keeping Faith’s Bradley Freegard plays Canute, the King of Denmark, described as a savvy and ruthless Viking leader. He was followed by the staunchly pagan Haakon Sigurdsson Jarl, who led a revival of paganism with the rebuilding of temples. That hogwash above makes me angry. Talk Like a Viking! Olaf had raided various European cities and fought in several wars. Harald I, byname Harald Bluetooth, Danish Harald Blåtand, (born c. 910—died c. 987, “Jumne,” Den. Arwald of Wihtwara - Last Pagan King in England It is a little known fact that Germanic or Anglo-Saxon polytheism (i.e. m INGEGERD of Denmark, daughter of KNUD II "den Hellige" King of Denmark & his wife Adèle de Flandre. The first part is the story of the baptism back: Wulfram, the Christian who wanted to … He reached land in Sigmundargjógv in Sandvík, but a farmer in the village killed the exhausted Sigmundur and stole his precious golden arm ring. Together they orchestrated Olav’s death in a great Baltic sea-battle, then took Norway as their own. As a result, the pagan king indirectly became the namesake of a Catholic university. The total of the poetic, mythological and sapiential heritage of the ancient and early medieval Scandinavian tradition is contained in the texts canonically collected under the title of Edda . Valdemar the Conqueror was considered the last great king of Denmark’s golden age. Christianity only gained a strong hold in Denmark following the baptism of Harald Bluetooth. ... began anew. Harald ‘Bluetooth’, ruler of Denmark, orders a runestone declaring that he “won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian.” 991: Heroic defeat History of Odinism/Asatru1386 CE: Lithuania, the last pagan stronghold in Europe is officially converted, but paganism lingers1421 CE: Three children, acting on instructions from their murdered mother, establish the Odin Brotherhood.1611 CE: Johannes Bureus of Sweden, advisor to King Gustavus Adolphus, begins drawing and interpreting Sweden’s runestones. 1386 CE: Lithuania, the last pagan stronghold in Europe, is officially converted, but pagans linger. ), Martina Sprague. It was located on Rugia island in the Baltic Sea (now in Germany). The Aesir were the primary gods, ruled by the wise, one-eyed Odin, though the worship of the strong thunder god Thor rivalled him. Norway. As the chiefs and kings of Denmark became involved in the politics of Normandy, England, Ireland, France, and Germany, they adopted a kinder attitude toward their Christian subjects. The etymology of the word “rune” means: “to carve, or to cut.” In Low German the word is “raunen.” As the runes were cut and carved into wood, metal or stone, the word “rune” was analogous to the rune letters themselves. The earlier stone, a memorial honouring Queen Thyre, was commissioned by her husband, King Gorm the Old, last pagan king of Denmark. There is scarce archaeological evidence of the great temple of Uppsala, recorded by Christian writer Adam of Bremen, however in light of Adam's writings, it is believed Skara was Olof's choice location in an attempt to avoid a war between the followers of the two faiths. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there exists countless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts that have yet to be discovered and explained. Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson was King of Denmark for nearly 30 years beginning in approximately 958 AD when his brother and favored son of Gorm the Old was killed in England during … https://www.history.com/news/6-viking-leaders-you-should-know The Accidental Mummy: the discovery of an impeccably preserved woman from the Ming Dynasty, The Mystery of the Mary Celeste: Crew Vanishes from Seaworthy Ship, Myrmidons: The Fiercely Loyal and Unstoppable ‘Antmen’ Army of Achilles, The Dogon’s Extraordinary Knowledge of the Cosmos and the Cult of Nommo. It is, further, not copyright protected, but I do recall and recognize the comments posted in this thread yesterday as being mine. The first known attempts to Christianize Sweden were made by Ansgar in 830, invited by the Swedish king Björn. Norway was the most difficult to transform from polytheism to Christianity as its history was filled with rulers who constantly dictated the religion. Sacred springs (Danish: kilder) were simply consecrated to one of the local saints associated with the spring and life went on much as it had before. Here: In Northern Europe/Scandinavia, for example, by all available evidence Vita Krist was marketed as a warrior god far more mighty than Thor and Odin combined. [10], Recorded missionary efforts in Denmark started with Willibrord, Apostle to the Frisians, who preached in Schleswig, which at the time was part of Denmark. Ruthenika, Suppl. Phil Zuckerman writes in a 2009 article to the Nordic Journal of Religion and Society, "Surely the historical developments of culture and religion in Denmark and Sweden are crucially informing factors in explaining the current state of irreligiosity. The Sami remained unconverted until the 18th century. Early Irish kingship was sacred in character. On the northernmost runestone of the world standing on the island Frösön in central Jämtland, the Frösö Runestone, it is said that a man called Austmaðr Christianized the region, probably in the period 1030–1050 when the runestone was raised. Christian missionaries were able to help the process along by locating churches on or near sacred places, in some cases actually using wood from the sacred groves for church construction. [4], Although the Scandinavians became nominally Christian, it took considerably longer for actual Christian beliefs to establish themselves among the people in some regions,[5][6] while the people were Christianized before the king in other regions.
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