They also had the evidence of another eye-witness, Jamie Hope. "Well might Orr exclaim within his dungeon" he said "that the Government had laid down a system having for its object murder and devastation". Ireland. Madden, United Irishmen) On 2 July 1790 two young men engaged in a spirited argument over the merits of the Whig party in the public gallery of the Irish House of Commons. [4] The soldier witness Wheatly perjured himself and it was proved he was of bad character. These were:(1) that English  influence in Ireland was the great grievance of the country (2) that the most effective way to reform it was by reform of Parliament: and(3) that no reform could  be any use unless it included the Catholics.”[1] With this we see were Wolfe Tone was headed with regards to the English in this proclamation  of what he dreamed Ireland would be: free of English rule were Protestants and Catholics  would rule Ireland in a united nation without influence from the British are any other foreign power. 22 nd-CORK - Tuesday a man of the name of SULLIVAN was taken up, for administering the United Irishmen's oath to a Solider of the co. Dublin Militia. James Napper Tandy (16 February 1739 – 24 August 1803) was a United Irishmen who experienced exile, first in the United States and then in France, for his role in attempting to advance a republican insurrection in Ireland with French assistance. The clandestine proceedings, oath taking, and advocacy of physical force mirrored that of their Irish inspirators. ", It was a charge of libel against the Press newspaper, the journal founded by Arthur O'Connor to replace the Northern Star. Declaration of the Catholic Society of Dublin : resolutions and oath of United Irishmen : Phelan's letter and Kenmare's address by Ireland) Catholic Society (Dublin ( ) 21 editions published in 1791 in English and held by 278 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Even the presiding judge, Yelverton, was said to have shed tears at the passing of the death sentence, although Orr's friend, the poet and United Irishman William Drennan expressed his disgust at this display with the words “I hate those Yelvertonian tears”.[1]. His popularity amongst his countrymen is also noted, particularly among the Northern Presbyterian patriots. [6], William Orr's place in Ulster folk history has been researched by the historian Guy Beiner, who considers it to be an example of "a complex mode of social memory that could be labelled 'social forgetting'".[8]. The following year the government suppressed the United Irishmen who were then driven underground. This shop became a centre of operations, an unofficial headquarters for the United Irishmen in Cork City and witnessed many comings and goings of activists in the mid-1790s. William Orr (1766 – 14 October 1797) was a member of the United Irishmen who was executed in 1797 in what was widely believed at the time to be "judicial murder" and whose memory led to the rallying cry “Remember Orr” during the 1798 rebellion. Society of United Irishmen Oath The Oath that the Society of United Irishmen took in 1797, and this oath many of the United Society of Irishmen died for. The judge who condemned me humanely shed tears in uttering my sentence. In return, I pray to God, if they have erred, to have mercy upon them. They also suppressed the Northern Star, a newspaper released by the society shortly after its formation. And I ask you if you can have the front to give the expected answer in face of a community which knows the country as well as you do. “Tone sent three resolutions “suited to this day” to Belfast for adoption. Is this a foul misrepresentation? The two were Theobald Wolfe Tone, an under-employed barrister, and Thomas Russell, an army officer on half pay. His appearance and manner were at the time considered noteworthy, he stood six feet two inches (1.88 m) in height, and was always carefully and respectably dressed, a familiar feature in his apparel being a green necktie, which he wore "even in his last confinement." The United Irishmen made contact with the new French revolutionary government and were promised military support. Curran's defence was a counter-attack—an indictment of the Government, root and branch:[3]. Report from the Committee of Secrecy of the House of Commons in Ireland, as reported by the Right Honourable Lord Viscount Castlereagh, August 21, 1798. The Society of United Irishmen, also simply known as the United Irishmen, were a sworn society in the Kingdom of Ireland formed in the wake of the French Revolution to secure "an equal representation of all the people" in a "national government." Published by the Dublin society of United Irishmen, March 1794. In 1794, many of the members of the United Irishmen were arrested. The influence and involvement of United Irishmen in the development of the United Scotsmen was considerable. It was Wolf Tone who first brought part of this oath to life. If you do not find him there you may find him flying with his family from the flames of his own dwelling—lighted to his dungeon by the conflagration of his own hovel! To the generous protection of my country I leave a beloved wife, who has been constant and true to me, and whose grief for my fate has already nearly occasioned her death. The United Irishmen rebellion of the 1790s is one of the most personally fascinating chapters of Ireland’s colourful history. The society will also set out its plans for a heritage trail that it hopes will stretch from the city centre to Cave Hill, where the United Irishmen took an oath to launch the 1798 rebellion. Sometime in the mid-1790s, he contributed several articles to their newspaper, the Northern Star. An army of fifty thousand men, subsequently increased to eighty thousand, was let loose upon the country on the atrocious system of "free quarters." In 1797, he became one of the chief contributors to the leading opposition newspaper in Dublin, The Press, and became a member of the Executive Directory of the United Irish Leading members included Theobald Wolfe Tone, and Lord Edward FitzGerald married to Pamela Simms, reputedly of Fogo, Newfoundland. According to the British officers' reports, their plan, allegedly, was to kill their officers and the leading inh… This generally just required little more than the substitution of existing defender oaths with the standard oath of the United Irishmen. [1][6] The journalist Peter Finnerty, who published an attack on Yelverton and Camden for their conduct in the matter, was later convicted of seditious libel, despite an eloquent defence by Curran. Kincaid, a Presbyterian or Methodist from Carvanreagh, Tyrone, had been an extremely active recruiter in 1796 resulting in his conviction for 'administering the oath of Defenderism'. Let me ask you how you could reconcile with such a verdict the gaols, the gibbets, the tenders, the conflagrations, the murders, the proclamations we hear of every day in the streets and see every day in the country? Had my counsel (for whose honourable exertions I am indebted) prevailed in their motions to have me tried for high treason, rather than under the Insurrection Law, I should have been entitled to a full defence, and my actions would have been better vindicated; but that was refused, and I must now submit to what has passed. The United Irishmen and Defenders planned insurrection and a French invasion was imminent. The actual case, which did not appear in the course of the proceedings but everyone, according to T. A. Jackson, was "in the know" and fully aware was that The United Irishmen's oath had been administered to a soldier; "whether it was Orr or another who administered the oath was merely incidental. You [jury] are called upon to say, on your oaths, that the Government is wise and merciful—the people prosperous and happy; that military law ought to be continued; that the constitution could not with safety be restored to Ireland; and that the statements of a contrary import by your advocates, in either country, are libellous and false. You are called upon in defiance of shame, of honour, of truth, to deny the sufferings under which you groan, and to flatter the persecution which tramples you under foot. If I thought myself guilty, I would freely confess it; but, on the contrary, I glory in my innocence. of Catholic equality and defended members of the United Irishmen, even taking its oath in open court to prove its legality. The aftermath and some of the battles of the failed Irish Rebellion of 1798, The French involvment in the 1798 Irish Rebellion, ← The aftermath and some of the battles of the failed Irish Rebellion of 1798. I was applied to by the High-Sheriff to make a confession of guilt, and by the Rev. He was charged with administering the United Irish oath to a soldier named Hugh Wheatly, an offence which had recently been deemed a capital charge under the 1796 Insurrection Act. [1], Orr was hanged, in the town of Carrickfergus though his execution was postponed three times on 14 October 1797, surrounded by an extra strong military guard. He was to become active in the Irish Volunteers and then joined the United Irishmen.[1]. Coinciding with this, the Insurrection Act made the administering of an unlawful oath, such as that to join the United Irishmen, punishable by death. Cork was in a ferment of civil unrest in this period with transportation for life being the regular punishment for persons administering the oath of the United Irishmen. The whole history of the operations of the British law courts in Ireland contains nothing more infamous than the record of that trial. You may find him perhaps in a gaol; the only place of security—I had almost said, of ordinary habitation! Speeches From the Dock, or Protests of Irish Patriotism, by Seán Ua Cellaigh, Dublin, 1953. Initially, they were formed as local defensive organisations opposed to the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys; however, by 1790 they had become a secret oath-bound fraternal society made up of lodges. Wolfe Tone sought military support from France, but a series… But whether he did wisely in so highly commending the wretched informer who swore away my life, I leave to his own cool reflection, solemnly assuring him and all the world, with my dying breath, that that informer was foresworn. It was Wolf Tone who first brought part of this oath to life. ISBN 9780198749356. By the mid 1790s radicals within the movement like Samuel Neilson and John Burke argued for more revolutionary tactics. I have five living children, who have been my delight. It is believed that some 80 or more soldiers planned to meet and mutiny at the powder shed behind Fort Townshend, which stood near what is now the juncture of Belvedere Street, Barnes Road, and Bonaventure Avenue. In 1793, the United Irishmen was banned by the government and it was against the law to have anything to do with the United Irishmen. I tell you that these are the questions. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, 1970, pg 179, David Ross, Ireland: History of a Nation, Geddes & Grosset, Scotland, 2006. It was widely believed at the time that the authorities wished to make an example of Orr to act as a deterrent to potential United Irish recruits. By 1799, Johnathan Ogden, chief justice of Newfoundland, estimated that as many as 400 Irishmen in Newfoundland had taken the United Irish oath. Parliament. [3] It is said that the population of the town, to express their sympathy with the "patriot" being "murdered by law", and to mark their repugnance of the conduct of the Government towards him, quit the town on the day of his execution.[1][3]. The following year, they staged a revolt in the name of that oath. His fate "excited the deepest indignation throughout the country;” and it was commented on "in words of fire" by the national writers of the period, and for many years after the rallying cry of the United Irishmen was: "Remember Orr". A Changing Libraries Initiative - This site and all content is made available under respective copyrights. The witness Wheatly, who subsequently went insane, is believed to have died by his own hand, made an affidavit before a magistrate admitting that he had sworn wrongly against Orr. The only evidence used against Orr was the unsupported evidence of the soldier Wheatly and after hearing Curran's defence of the prisoner, "there could be no possible doubt of his innocence." What is the state of Ireland, and where shall you find the wretched inhabitant of this land? May they love their country as I have done, and die for it if needful. The law under which I suffer is surely a severe one— may the makers and promoters of it be justified in the integrity of their motives, and the purity of their own lives! On 19 September Dublin Castle announced plans to follow Britain’s lead and enlist civilian volunteers as a yeomanry force. It was in the midst of this enthusiasm for events in France that William Drennan proposed to his friends "a benevolent conspiracy—a plot for the people", the "Rights of Man and [employing the phrase coined by Hutcheson] the Greatest Happiness of the Greater Number its end—its general end Real Independence to Ireland, and Republicanism its particular purpose." He was arraigned, tried, and convicted at Carrickfergus, on a charge of having administered the United Irishmen's oath to a soldier named Wheatly. The Society of United Irishmen, also simply known as the United Irishmen, were a sworn society in the Kingdom of Ireland formed in the wake of the French Revolution to secure "an equal representation of all the people" in a "national government." The editor was arrested for printing a report on the trial of William Orr, who was sentenced to death for administering the oath of the United Irishmen. By that law I am stamped a felon, but my heart disdains the imputation. The prosecution made the most of this "proof" of the "treasonable" aim of the United Irishmen to "seduce from their allegiance" the "men who are the Kingdom's only safeguard against the foreign foe". I trust that all my virtuous countrymen will bear me in their kind remembrance, and continue true and faithful to each other, as I have been to all of them. Prepared for public consideration by the society of United Irishmen of Dublin ... That no oath of any kind should be taken by any elector. In April 1800, rumours flew through St. John's that up to 400 men had taken the secret oath of the United Irishmen, including some soldiers stationed at Signal Hill, Fort William, and Fort Townshend. The Oath that  the  Society of United Irishmen took in 1797, and this oath many of  the United Society of Irishmen died for. My friends and fellow-countrymen, — In the thirty-first year of my life I have been sentenced to die upon the gallows, and this sentence has been in pursuance of a verdict by twelve men who should have been indifferently and impartially chosen. They formed the Society of United Irishmen, an oath-bound, non-sectarian, secret society dedicated to the overthrow of British rule in Ireland. After the outbreak of war with revolutionary France, the United Irishmen were suppressed. My comfortable lot, and industrious course of life, best refute the charge of being an adventurer for plunder; but if to have loved my country—to have known its wrongs —to have felt the injuries of the persecuted and to have united with them and all other religious persuasions in the most orderly and least sanguinary means of procuring redress – if those be felonies, I am a felon, but not otherwise. The prosecution made the most of this "proof" of the "treasonable" aim of the United Irishmen to "seduce from their allegiance" the "men who are the Kingdo… The Press had published an open letter to the Viceroy, remarking scornfully on his refusal to show clemency to Orr. Or you may find him tossing on the surface of the ocean, mingling his groans with the tempests, less savage than his persecutors, that drive him to a returnless distance from his family and his home—without charge, or trial, or sentence! Coinciding with this, the Insurrection Act made the administering of an unlawful oath, such as that to join the United Irishmen, punishable by death. [1] Two of the jury made depositions stating that they had been "induced to join in the verdict of guilty while under the influence of drink"; while two others swore that they had "been terrified into the same course by threats of violence". The government ruthlessly suppressed the society, in 1796 they introduced the ‘Insurrection Act’ which made administering an unlawful oath to join the United Irishmen, punishable by death. Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography. The family were in comfortable circumstances, and William Orr as a result received a good education. The population of St. John's was about 3,500 at this point, so 400 was a significant number. The United Irishmen decided to seek help from the French Revolutionary government and to postpone the rising until French troops landed in Ireland. Merciful God! Before Lord Edward Fitzgerald’s abortive revolt of 1798 he had tried to induce the rebels to wait for French military aid. House of Commons. The United Irishmen knew from the evidence of some of their own number that Orr had not administered the oath on the occasion alleged. THE UNITED IRISHMEN'S PLAN OF PARLIAMENTARY REFORM . The United Irishmen made contact with the new French revolutionary government and were promised military support. [1][3] The English engraver George Cumberland, who was a friend of the poet William Blake, summed up Britain's activities internationally at this period: No news, save that Great Britain is hanging the Irish, hunting the Maroons [escaped slaves], feeding the Vendée (counter-revolutionary district of France), and establishing the human flesh trade. [3] The person who did tender the oath was a well known member of the Society, William McKeever, who subsequently escaped to America.[1]. In October commissions were issued to local gentlemen and magistrates empowering them to raise cavalry troops and infantry companies. Reinforced by agrarian malcontents, they regrouped as a secret oath-bound society intent on insurrection. …political club, the Society of United Irishmen, with branches in Belfast and Dublin. [1] The offence was aggravated (from a legal point of view) because of the allegation that it was a serving soldier whom Orr was alleged to have administered the oath to. Early in 1796, an Insurrection Act was passed, making the administration of an oath identical with or similar to that of the United Irishmen punishable with death. “Tone sent three resolutions “suited to this day” to Belfast for adoption. Liz Curtis, The Cause of Ireland: From the United Irishmen to Partition, Beyond the Pale Publications, Belfast, 1994, Guy Beiner, "Forgetting to Remember Orr: Death and Ambiguous Remembrance in Modern Ireland" in, "Autobiograghy of Jemmy Hope, 1798 Leader", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Orr_(United_Irishman)&oldid=940889641, Pages using infobox military person with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 February 2020, at 07:24. Or can you, with these facts ringing in your ears and staring in your faces, say upon your oaths they do not exist? They have, in pronouncing their verdict, thought proper to recommend me as an object of humane mercy. hapless land!Heap of uncementing sand!Crumbled by a foreign weight:And, by worse, domestic hate. Orr was born to a Presbyterian farming family and bleach-green proprietor, of Ferranshane (Farranshane[2]) outside Antrim town. [1][3], These particulars were placed before the Viceroy, but Lord Camden, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was "deaf to all appeals". Or you may find his bones bleaching on the green fields of his country! [6][7], William Drennan the United Irishmen poet wrote, on Orr's death: What are the prosecutions of the learned counsel himself [Attorney General] circuit after circuit? Oxford: Oxford University Press. In 1795 he boldly took the United Irishmen’s oath in open court, was elected secretary of the Society in the same year, and in 1797 became a director. (R.R. With this last wish of my heart nothing doubting of the success of that cause for which I suffer, and hoping for God's merciful forgiveness of such offences as my frail nature may have at any time betrayed me into, I die in peace and charity with all mankind. Orr is regarded as the first United Irish martyr. "[3], William Orr was represented by John Philpot Curran, and the trial led to a speech, which, according to T. A. Jackson, "is among the most remarkable of his many remarkable speeches. [5] Seeking French Aid. [1], The sentence was hardly passed on William Orr when regret was to seize on those who had aided in securing that verdict. William Bristow, sovereign of Belfast, who used entreaties to that effect: this I peremptorily refused. Beiner, Guy (2018). A plan of an equal representation of the people of Ireland in the house of commons. [1], Little is known of his early life. The United Englishmen directly modelled its strategic aims and organization on the United Irishmen. We understand the Solider had been drinking in his company the evening before, when SULLIVAN proposed to the Solider (who was drunk) the oath of secrecy, when he immediately acceded to. He was charged with administering the United Irish oath to a soldier named Hugh Wheatly, an offence which had recently been deemed a capital chargeunder the 1796 Insurrection Act. When Drennan's friends gathered, they resolved: The rising itself revealed sectarian feeling even within the ranks of the United Irishmen themselves. The soldier witness Wheatly perjured himself and it was proved he was of bad character. How far they have been so, I leave to that country from which they have been chosen to determine; and how far they have discharged their duty, I leave to their God and to themselves. The Defenders were a Roman Catholic agrarian secret society in 18th-century Ireland, founded in County Armagh. [3], The United Irishmen knew from the evidence of some of their own number that Orr had not administered the oath on the occasion alleged. Lastly, a false and ungenerous publication having appeared in a newspaper, stating certain alleged confessions of guilt on my part, and thus striking at my reputation, which is dearer to me than life, I take this solemn method of contradicting the calumny.
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